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war efforts

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1 war efforts

1) Военный термин: военная экономика, военные действия, военный потенциал

2) Дипломатический термин: военные усилия

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > war efforts
2 war efforts

военные устремления

Politics english-russian dictionary > war efforts
3 war efforts

военные усилия

Англо-русский дипломатический словарь > war efforts
4 war efforts

военные усилия; военные действия; военная экономика; военный потенциал

English-Russian military dictionary > war efforts
5 war efforts

военные усилия

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > war efforts
6 intensive war efforts

Военный термин: напряжённые военные действия

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > intensive war efforts
7 intensive war efforts

напряженные военные действия

English-Russian military dictionary > intensive war efforts
8 World War II

(1939-1945)

   In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.

   In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.

   To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.

   The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.

   Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.

   Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.

   Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.

   Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.

   The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.

   The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.

   Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.

   In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.

   Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II
9 our efforts were a success

• unser Bemühen war erfolgreich

English-German correspondence dictionary > our efforts were a success
10 our efforts were unsuccessful

• unser Bemühen war erfolglos

English-German correspondence dictionary > our efforts were unsuccessful
11 our efforts were without success

• unser Bemühen war erfolglos

English-German correspondence dictionary > our efforts were without success
12 persevere in efforts to remove the threat of war

Дипломатический термин: продолжать борьбу за устранение военной угрозы

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > persevere in efforts to remove the threat of war
13 persevere in efforts to remove the threat of war

продолжать борьбу за устранение военной угрозы

Англо-русский дипломатический словарь > persevere in efforts to remove the threat of war
14 to persevere in efforts to remove the threat of war

продолжать борьбу за устранение военной угрозы

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > to persevere in efforts to remove the threat of war
15 effort

усилие, напряжение; сила; действие; борьба

— air effort

— armament efforts

— beardown effort

— collaborative efforts

— converging efforts

— countermortar efforts

— counterwar efforts

— deception efforts

— development efforts

— diffuse effort

— engineer efforts

— evacuation efforts

— firing effort

— form the main effort

— intelligence collection efforts

— intelligence gathering efforts

— intensify attack efforts on the main axis

— intensive war efforts

— interdictory effort

— joint effort

— main effort

— make the main effort

— military cooperative efforts

— military efforts

— planning effort

— primary effort

— secondary effort

— strategic military efforts

— supplement efforts

— supporting efforts

— target intelligence collection efforts

— war efforts

English-Russian military dictionary > effort
16 effort

n

усилие; попытка; стремление

to abandon efforts to do smth — отказаться от усилий сделать что-л.

to apply one's joint efforts — прилагать совместные усилия

to back efforts — поддерживать меры

to be active in efforts to strengthen smth — активно участвовать в усилиях по укреплению чего-л.

to block international efforts — преграждать путь международным усилиям

to bring one's efforts to a successful conclusion — доводить борьбу до успешного завершения

to combine one's efforts (to) — объединять свои усилия (для)

to concentrate efforts — концентрировать усилия

to consolidate one's efforts — консолидировать чьи-л. усилия

to damage efforts — подрывать усилия

to direct one's efforts to smth — направлять усилия на что-л.

to double the efforts — удваивать усилия

to ease the efforts — ослаблять усилия

to exert every effort — прилагать все усилия

to facilitate the efforts — способствовать усилиям

to further an effort — содействовать какому-л. усилию

to guide international efforts (to) — направлять международные усилия (на)

to have the commitment to nonproliferation efforts — быть приверженцем усилий, неправленных на нераспространение ядерного оружия

to help in the peace efforts — помогать в достижении мирного урегулирования

to impede efforts — мешать / препятствовать усилиям

to initiate efforts — предпринимать усилия

to intensify efforts — усиливать старания; повышать усилия

to join efforts — объединять усилия

to launch a major effort — предпринимать важный шаг

to make efforts — предпринимать усилия; пытаться

to make renewed diplomatic efforts — возобновить дипломатические усилия

to mobilize the efforts (of) — мобилизировать усилия

to mount concerted efforts — предпринимать совместные усилия

to pool efforts — объединять усилия

to pursue efforts — прилагать усилия

to redouble one's efforts — удваивать усилия

to relax one's military effort — снижать свои военные устремления

to renew / to resume efforts — возобновлять усилия

to spare no efforts — не жалеть усилий

to step up one's efforts — наращивать усилия

to strengthen the efforts — наращивать усилия

to supplement the efforts — дополнять усилия

to support efforts — поддерживать усилия

to sustain an international effort — оказывать международную поддержку

to thwart / undercut smb's efforts — срывать чьи-л. усилия

to waste efforts — напрасно стараться

- aid effort
- all-out efforts
- anti-drugs efforts
- arduous efforts
- assistance effort
- backstage efforts
- combined efforts
- common efforts
- concerted efforts
- conscientious efforts
- consistent efforts
- constant efforts
- continuing efforts
- continuous efforts
- cooperative efforts
- coordinated efforts
- defense efforts
- determined efforts
- diplomatic efforts
- disarmament efforts
- domestic efforts
- efforts at economic and social development
- efforts behind the scene
- export-promotion efforts
- extra efforts
- fresh efforts
- global efforts
- humanitarian efforts
- insistent efforts
- integrated efforts
- interdependent efforts
- internal efforts
- international development efforts
- joint efforts
- last-ditch effort
- last-minute effort
- level of efforts
- long-deadlocked effort
- long-term efforts
- massive efforts
- military efforts
- mutual efforts
- nonproliferation efforts
- notable efforts
- our efforts have not been wasted
- peace efforts
- peace-making efforts
- political efforts
- reconciliation efforts
- renewed efforts
- scientific efforts
- secret nuclear-weapon research efforts
- settlement efforts
- sincere efforts
- stabilization efforts
- strenuous efforts
- sustained efforts
- unilateral efforts
- untiring efforts
- vain efforts
- vigorous efforts
- violent efforts
- war efforts
- wasted effort
- well-directed effort

Politics english-russian dictionary > effort
17 effort

n

1) усилие; попытка, стремление

- make efforts

- pool efforts

- combine efforts

- direct one's efforts to smth.

- exert efforts

- step up efforts

- relax efforts

- bring the efforts to a successful conclusion

- thwart the efforts

- undercut efforts

- damage efforts

- waste efforts

- our efforts have not been wasted

- resume diplomatic efforts

2) объём работ, работа

•

- determined efforts

- joint efforts

- continuing efforts

- war efforts

- long-deadlocked effort

- mutual efforts

- peacemaking efforts

- stabilization efforts

- well-directed effort

- defence efforts

- concerted efforts

- sincere efforts

- unremitting efforts

- disarmament efforts

- common defence efforts

- wreck peacemaking efforts

- all-out effort

- persistent efforts

- repeated efforts

- relief efforts

- vain efforts

- diplomatic efforts

- arduous efforts

- violent efforts

- combined efforts

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > effort
18 усилие усили·е

effort, endeavour

активизировать усилия — to intensify efforts

возобновить усилия — to renew / to resume one's efforts

мешать усилиям — to inhibit / to hamper efforts

направить усилия — to direct one's efforts (to)

напрасно тратить усилия — to waste efforts

наращивать усилия — to step up efforts

не прекращать усилий — to sustain efforts

объединять усилия — to join / to combine / to pool efforts

ослабить усилия — to relax efforts

поддерживать усилия — to second efforts

подрывать усилия — to damage / to undercut efforts

предпринимать усилия — to make efforts

прилагать усилия — to exert efforts

препятствовать усилиям — to thwart the efforts

свести на нет усилия — to wreck efforts

сосредоточить усилия — to focus one's efforts (on)

умножить усилия — to redouble efforts

наши усилия не были напрасными — our efforts have not been wasted

взаимные / обоюдныеусилия — mutual efforts

военные усилия — war efforts

всесторонние усилия — all-out efforts

дружественные усилия — good endeavour

искренние усилия — sincere efforts

коллективные усилия — collective efforts

лихорадочные усилие — feverish efforts

напрасные усилия — vain endeavour

настойчивые усилия — persistent efforts

неоднократные усилия — repeated efforts

неослабные усилия — unremitting / arduous efforts

нечеловеческие усилия — superhuman efforts

нравственное усилие — moral endeavour

общими усилиями — through concerted efforts

обьединённые усилия — combined efforts

огромные усилия — enormous efforts

отчаянные усилия — violent efforts

совместные усилия — combined / joint efforts / endeavours

прилагать совместные усилия — to apply (one's) joint efforts

решительные усилия — determined efforts

совместными усилиями — by joint efforts

согласованные усилия — concerted efforts / actions

тщетные усилия — vain efforts

целенаправленное усилие — well-directed effort

объединение усилий — the pooling of efforts (in)

усилия в области разоружения — disarmament efforts

усилие воли — effort of will

усилия, направленные на достижение мира — peace-making efforts

усилия, направленные на уменьшение военной опасности — efforts aimed at lessening military danger

усилия по оказанию помощи — relief efforts

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > усилие усили·е
19 effort

n

1. зусилля; напруження

2. спроба

3. зусилля; боротьба за що-небудь

4. pl діяльність

- all-out effort усесторонні зусилля

- atomic effort колосальні зусилля

- combined effort об'єднані зусилля

- common defense efforts загальні зусилля для зміцнення оборони

- concerned efforts погоджені зусилля

- continuing efforts діяльність, яка продовжується

- deadlocked effort зусилля, які застосовують на переговорах, що зайшли в глухий кут

- determined effort рішучі зусилля

- disarmament efforts діяльність/ зусилля в області роззброєння

- mutual efforts взаємні/ спільні зусилля

- sincere efforts щирі зусилля

- vain efforts марні зусилля

- war efforts воєнні зусилля

- well-directed efforts цілеспрямовані зусилля

- to bring the efforts to a successful conclusion довести зусилля до успішного закінчення

- to combine efforts об'єднувати зусилля

- to damage efforts завдати шкоди зусиллям

- to direct one's efforts to smth. віддавати сили чомусь; направляти зусилля на щось

- to exert efforts напружувати зусилля

- to pool efforts об'єднувати зусилля

- to resume diplomatic efforts відновити дипломатичні зусилля

- to step up efforts нарощувати зусилля; прикладати все більше зусиль

- to thwart the efforts перешкодити зусиллям; звести нанівець зусилля

- to undercut efforts підривати зусилля

- to waste efforts марно затрачати зусилля

- to waste efforts марно витрачати зусилля

- to wreck peace-making efforts підривати миротворчу діяльність

English-Ukrainian diplomatic dictionary > effort
20 bélico

adj.

warlike, bellicose.

* * *

bélico

► adjetivo

1 military

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

conflicto bélico armed conflict, war

material bélico military equipment

* * *

ADJ

1) [actitud] warlike

2) [material, juguete] war antes de s

* * *

- ca adjetivo military

preparativos bélicos — preparations for war

* * *

= bellicose.

Ex. For all their bellicose rhetoric, they still hope that diplomatic pressure will persuade Iran to compromise.

----

* escalada bélica = escalation of war.

* maquinaria bélica = war machine.

* novela bélica = war story.

* zona bélica = war zone.

* * *

- ca adjetivo military

preparativos bélicos — preparations for war

* * *

= bellicose.

Ex: For all their bellicose rhetoric, they still hope that diplomatic pressure will persuade Iran to compromise.

* escalada bélica = escalation of war.

* maquinaria bélica = war machine.

* novela bélica = war story.

* zona bélica = war zone.

* * *

bélico -ca

adjective

‹conflicto/material› military

preparativos bélicos preparations for war

juguete

* * *

bélico
◊ -ca adjetivo ‹conflicto/material› military;

preparativos bélicos preparations for war
bélico,-a adj (antes de sustantivo) war
conflicto bélico, war
material bélico, armaments pl; película bélica, war film
preparativos bélicos, preparations for war

' bélico' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bélica
- enfrentamiento

* * *

bélico, -a adj

conflicto bélico military conflict;

esfuerzo bélico war effort;

espiral bélica spiral towards war

* * *

bélico

adj war atr

* * *

bélico, -ca adj

guerrero: war, fighting

esfuerzos bélicos: war efforts

Spanish-English dictionary > bélico

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